Pipe sizing is not arbitrary but should follow a specific sizing system. Steel pipe sizes are in millimeters, but in some countries, they are in inches (English inch, or German Zoll). Therefore, there are two sets of steel tubes -TUBE and PIPE. TUBE is used in the mechanical or energy industries to describe the outside diameter in inches. Pipes are used as pipelines for different media. PIPE size is the nominal size of steel PIPE. A 12-inch steel pipe can also find the approximate value of inner diameter. PIPE is the preferred line of the outer diameter of steel PIPE after its size is converted into mm (EN10220, DIN2448, etc.). That doesn't mean we don't use the second and third lines. The second and third-row sizes are TUBE standards for energy construction and mechanical steel tubes.
The steel tube thick-wall series comes from British units of weights and measures and uses fractions to express dimensions. PIPE wall thickness is from the Schedule series (40,60,80,120) and is connected to the weight series (STD, XS, XXS). These values are converted to millimeters as part of the tube wall thickness series. (Note: The size -Schedule40 value is not constant, but watch the outer diameter.
BWG, and SWG scales are used for TUBE wall thickness values. Converted to millimeters, these values become part of the thick wall series of steel tubes. Precision steel tubes used in Europe and countries using the SI system of units are rounded to the outer diameter and wall thickness dimensions.